Abstract: Ang industriya ng mekanikal na pagmamanupaktura ay isa sa mga pangunahing industriya ng haligi ng pambansang ekonomiya ng isang bansa. Bilang isang medyo mahal na kagamitan sa katumpakan, ang mga tool sa makina ng CNC, kung may ilang mga pagkakamali sa produksyon, ay magkakaroon ng direkta o hindi direktang epekto sa katumpakan ng mga bahagi ng produkto na pinoproseso. Samantala, sa proseso ng paggawa at pag-assemble ng CNC lathes, ang spindle ay isang napakahalagang bahagi na direktang nakakaapekto sa dimensional na katumpakan ng mga naprosesong bahagi. Samakatuwid, ang epektibong pagsasaayos sa katumpakan at napapanahong pagsusuri at pagpapanatili ay mahalaga. Ang pag-master ng ilang mahusay na pamamaraan para sa pagpapanumbalik ng katumpakan ng spindle ay maaaring magbigay ng katiyakan para sa dimensional na katumpakan ng pagliko ng mga bahagi at itaguyod ang malusog na pag-unlad ng industriya ng pagproseso at pagmamanupaktura.
Mga keyword: mga paraan ng pagpapanatili; Pagsasaayos ng katumpakan ng spindle; Pagpapanatili ng CNC machine tool
0 Panimula
Ang mga bahagi ng spindle ng mga tool sa makina ng CNC ay binubuo ng mga bahagi ng transmission, bearings, flanges, atbp. Ang pangunahing function ay upang suportahan ang mga bahagi ng transmission, i-drive ang workpiece at tool upang paikutin. Direktang tinutukoy ng higpit ng spindle at katumpakan ng paggalaw ang kalidad ng machining at kahusayan sa pagputol. Sa panahon ng operasyon, ang spindle, bilang pangunahing gumagalaw na bahagi ng machine tool, ay sumusuporta sa torque sa panahon ng paghahatid, at nagtutulak ng iba pang mga workpiece sa pamamagitan ng mahusay at matatag na operasyon ng machine tool spindle, sa gayon ay bumubuo ng matatag na pagbuo ng paggalaw sa ibabaw ng machine tool. suliran.
1. Paraan para sa Pagsasaayos ng Katumpakan ng CNC Lathe Spindle
Ang pangunahing function ng CK6140 lathe spindle ay upang suportahan at i-clamp ang mga umiikot na bahagi, at ang sarili nitong katumpakan ay gumaganap ng isang mahalagang papel sa kalidad ng mga naprosesong produkto. Sa panahon ng pag-install ng lathe spindle, ang chuck at shaft sleeve ay madalas na lumampas sa tolerance o wear, na nagreresulta sa spindle circular runout na lumampas sa tolerance, na direktang nakakaapekto sa mga bahagi ng pagliko. Samakatuwid, sa machining at pagmamanupaktura ng CNC lathe spindles, kinakailangan na epektibong kontrolin ang roundness at coaxiality ng machine tool spindle na hindi lalampas sa 0.01mm.
Kabilang sa mga pangunahing structural parameter ng spindle ang diameters D1 at D2 ng front at rear journal ng spindle, ang diameter d ng panloob na butas, ang front overhang a, at ang span L sa pagitan ng mga pangunahing suporta, tulad ng ipinapakita sa Figure 1 .
Figure 1 Lathe Spindle Structure
Ang mga hakbang para sa pagsasaayos ng katumpakan ng spindle ay ang mga sumusunod:
① Spindle pre inspection: Ang hakbang ng tumpak na pagsasaayos ng spindle accuracy ng CNC lathe ay ang paunang inspeksyon sa buong proseso ng produksyon ng spindle at agarang tukuyin ang anumang mga problema na maaaring lumitaw. Ang pangunahing nilalaman ng pre inspeksyon ay upang matiyak ang pagkasira at dalas ng runout ng buong lathe spindle outer circle, at kontrolin ang machining at production error ng lathe spindle sa loob ng 0.005-0.01mm.
② I-adjust ang geometric accuracy bago i-disassemble ang spindle: ang front end ng CK6140 machine tool spindle ay gumagamit ng dalawang grupo ng angular contact ball bearings, na pre tightened sa pamamagitan ng front support sleeve at nuts. Ang hulihan ay gumagamit ng cylindrical roller bearings, at ang radial clearance ay inaayos sa pamamagitan ng dalawang nuts. Kung ang spindle stiffness ng machine tool ay mabuti, ang pagpoproseso ng pagputol ay ginagarantiyahan sa oras na ito. Kasabay nito, sa pagsasagawa ng produksyon, ang mga tauhan ng pagpapanatili ay napapanahong ayusin at kontrolin ang direksyon ng paggalaw at tamang clearance ng lathe spindle upang higit na mapabuti ang kahusayan sa produksyon at kalidad ng pagproseso ng lathe spindle.
③ Pagsubok sa dynamic na katumpakan ng spindle: Ang paggawa ng magandang trabaho sa temperature rise test ng machine tool spindle ay epektibong makakaiwas sa mga error sa aktwal na pagsukat. Sa pamamagitan ng pagsubaybay sa pattern ng pagtaas ng temperatura ng mga kaugnay na bahagi ng bearing sa panahon ng idle operation ng spindle, ang naaangkop na mga scheme ng pagpapadulas ay pinagtibay upang makatwirang maglaan at ayusin ang pamamahagi ng buong temperatura ng spindle. Ang mga salik na nakakaapekto sa katumpakan ng pag-ikot ng machine tool spindle ay ang katumpakan ng spindle, katumpakan ng bearing, at kaukulang katumpakan ng spindle hole. Samakatuwid, bago i-assemble ang spindle unit, kinakailangan upang matiyak ang katumpakan ng spindle, bearing, at spindle hole upang matiyak na ang dynamic na error ng spindle sa panahon ng operasyon ay nasa loob ng pinapayagang halaga.
④ Para sa mga lathe na may malalaking spindle error, kailangan itong tanggalin para sa maintenance. Ang partikular na proseso ng pagpapanatili ay ipinapakita sa Figure 2.
2. Mga paraan ng pagpapanatili para sa mga spindle ng CNC machine tool
2.1 Pamamaraan ng pagpapanatili ng pag-spray ng Hotfix
The spraying Hotfix method refers to the selection and spraying of corresponding materials by referring to relevant data and combining with the organization and structure of the machine tool spindle in order to ensure the quality of the whole spindle repair, in which metal material Z is commonly used. According to the thickness of the spindle, the thickness of the sprayed material should be reasonably controlled. Maintenance practice has shown that it is generally more appropriate to control the thickness of the repair material between 0.05 and 0.2mm. At the same time, in the spraying operation, in order to ensure that the work is always in a low temperature state, active measures should be taken to control the spindle temperature, and it is even more important to avoid spindle damage.
2.2 Scraping repair method
During the long-term operation of the CNC lathe spindle, there may be phenomena such as circular runout exceeding the tolerance. If the bearing components of the spindle contain a taper sleeve structure and the copper taper sleeve is found to be worn, the scraping and grinding repair method can be used. By scraping and repairing, the errors in the spindle can be eliminated, thereby ensuring that the dynamic accuracy of the CNC lathe spindle meets the requirements. When using this method for repair work, attention should be paid to eliminating significant internal stress during the repair process. This repair method requires selecting the appropriate size of the machine tool and the spindle.
2.3 Electroplating repair methods
When repairing the chrome coating on the lathe spindle, strictly control the relevant dimensional accuracy of the spindle components, carefully understand the technical requirements of the actual use of the machine tool, and strengthen the surface hardness of the spindle in a targeted manner to prevent rapid wear during operation after repair. When using electroplating method to repair the spindle, the thickness of the chromium plating layer should be controlled within 0.03mm. Electroplating operations can produce some toxic and harmful substances. While ensuring quality, chromium metal should be used as little as possible to minimize pollution to the surrounding environment.
2.4 Accuracy inspection of spindle components after maintenance
After completing the spindle inspection and maintenance work, in order to ensure the dynamic accuracy and stability requirements of the CNC machine tool spindle unit, professional maintenance personnel and operators cooperate to adjust the spindle? Inspect and track the technical status of the machine tool spindle unit. Detect static and dynamic accuracy separately. After completing the static and dynamic accuracy inspection of the machine tool spindle, it is necessary to fill out and improve the record form, and archive and manage the inspection form and record form for future maintenance and reference at any time.
3. Maintenance examples of common faults in the main transmission system
Fault phenomenon: A CK6140 CNC lathe spindle box has excessive noise.
Firstly, it is necessary to determine whether it is caused by a motor malfunction. Disconnect the transmission belt and run the motor separately, ensuring that the sound is normal.
Next, it is necessary to investigate one by one from the following aspects: the dynamic balance of the spindle components has not reached the predetermined value; Uneven gear meshing clearance or poor gear manufacturing accuracy; Bearing damage; The transmission shaft undergoes bending deformation; The length of the transmission belt is too long, loose, or worn; The lubrication is poor, and the main shaft transmission part is short of oil.
Troubleshooting method: For dynamic balancing issues, the spindle unit needs to be removed and re balanced; Adjust the gear meshing clearance or replace the gear; Replace with a new bearing; Replace the transmission shaft or grind it for correction; Adjust the tightness of the transmission belt or replace it with a new one; Replace lubricating grease and add lubricating oil to ensure smooth lubrication of the oil circuit.
The maintenance work of machine tools should not only be limited to troubleshooting and repairing worn and deformed parts when faults have occurred, but also pay attention to the standardized use of the machine tool, pay attention to daily maintenance, and persist in preventive maintenance work for a long time.
4. Systematic maintenance of CNC lathes
① Each shift of operators strictly follows the equipment operating procedures and specifications, and operators and maintenance personnel strictly adhere to the maintenance and repair system.
② Maintain the sealing of electrical cabinets and high voltage cabinets to prevent oil mist, dust, and metal powder in the air from adsorbing onto circuit boards or electronic components in the CNC system. Dust accumulation can reduce the insulation resistance between components and even cause circuit board damage. It is strictly prohibited to open the CNC cabinet door to dissipate heat in hot weather, and always maintain the good operation of the ventilation fan or air conditioning on the electric cabinet.
③ Regularly clean the heat dissipation and ventilation devices of the electrical cabinet, clean the dust pads and filter screens every month, and replace damaged filter screens and other dust prevention devices in a timely manner. To prevent excessive temperature inside the electrical cabinet caused by blocked heat dissipation and ventilation channels.
⑤ For the input/output devices of the CNC system, it is necessary to use appropriate force during daily use, and rough operation is prohibited. If the buttons become loose, they should be repaired and replaced in a timely manner, and operation should not be carried out with faults.
⑥ During the operation of CNC machine tools, pay attention to the sound of the running parts. If any abnormal noise is found, it should be promptly investigated. If the motor is running with excessive noise, it is necessary to check whether it is the wear transition of the DC motor brush, as the worn brush can affect the performance of the motor. Therefore, the electric brush of the CNC lathe motor should be inspected or replaced every year.
⑦ When the FANNUC system experiences a BAT alarm, it is necessary to replace the new battery when the system is powered on to prevent the loss of system parameters. When CNC machine tools are not in use for a long time, they should also be powered on frequently and run at least once or twice a month.
⑧ Pay attention to the Preventive maintenance of the main drive chain, and regularly check and adjust the tightness and wear of the main shaft drive belt to avoid spinning caused by belt drive slip.
⑨ Regularly inspect the lubrication of various parts of the CNC machine tool, replenish the lubricating oil tank, oil cup, etc. in a timely manner, replace with new oil, and clean the filter screen.
⑩ For occasions with high machining accuracy requirements, regular maintenance of the overall accuracy of CNC lathes should be carried out, which can be achieved through recalibration of the lathe level and restoration of mechanical accuracy inspection.
⑪ There are two methods for correcting the mechanical accuracy of CNC lathes: soft and hard. Among them, software methods are mainly carried out through system parameter compensation, such as reverse clearance compensation for ball screw transmission, compensation for correcting coordinate positioning errors, etc; The hardware correction method is carried out during the overhaul of the lathe, such as rail scraping, scraping, pre tightening adjustment of ball screw nut pairs, and replacement of inserts.
5 Conclusion
The spindle of a lathe is a crucial part of the structural components of a machine tool. The spindle has the characteristics of high speed, high precision, high efficiency, and low noise. Timely and effective preventive maintenance work, as well as standardized operation and maintenance by operators every shift, will directly or indirectly affect the overall accuracy of the machine tool. At the same time, scientific and standardized maintenance of CNC systems can greatly reduce the failure rate and shutdown rate of CNC machine tools.
In short, the good technical condition of machine tools requires operators, maintenance workers, and production managers to maintain coordination and teamwork in their daily work.
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2023-07-03